Old Chaos is a Location in Dark Souls 2. And you can't join that covenant until you talk to him in all three locations. Darkeater Midir (闇喰らいのミディール Yamikurai no Midir, Darkness-Eater Midir) is an optional boss in Dark Souls III: The Ringed City. The hype is real. Dark Souls II. A Bonfire Ascetic is an item and starting gift in Dark Souls II. . When he begins to split, start spamming it. I completed the one in Shaded Woods and got +1 to Dark Covenant. #m40B51【深淵2】 Not in final game: Abyss 2: Seems similar to final Dark Chasm of Old in name, but map does not correspond to any final map. . What is in that chest in DS2 SOTFS? Dark Souls 2 Wiki Guide: Weapons, Walkthrough, armor, strategies, maps, rings, bosses, items and more. Note: That ancient dissipated being is most likely Manus, Father of the Abyss. Joined the Pilgrims. All the poise Havel's set gives doesn't block the Great Club's 2H Strong attack. The four great souls are The Old Sinner (Sinner’s Rise), Old Iron King (Iron Keep), The Rotten (Black Gulch), and Duke’s Dear Freja (Brightstone Cove Tseldora). I think I should include that I'm doing it on NG+ (as I forgot about this bit in NG). It’s located on the two-story structure where the Oolacile Sorcerer uses Dark Orb sorcery. It has three portals that spawn Charred Loyce Knights. Majula serves as the player hub in Dark Souls 2, a place of relative safety. 228 votes, 16 comments. When you arrive in Black Gulch, the first thing you will notice is the area is spotted with glowing green goo, and there are statues everywhere. Dark Spirit - The Ghost of Princes Past is an enemy in Dark Souls 2. Dark Souls II. I found the abyss in the Shaded Woods to be straightforward, but the very first enemy I meet in the Black Gulch. Business, Economics, and Finance. It has beastly base damage and A rank strength scaling when fully upgraded. ago. The Dragon Chime is a sacred chime in Dark Souls II. For Dark Souls II on the Xbox 360, a GameFAQs message board topic titled "The Not-so-Dark Chasm of Old". Have to run out for some errands, but thinking of skipping it and maybe coming back after I go through the DLCs. She is found in the Shaded Ruins area of the Shaded Woods. Most elements seem to work. A community dedicated to Dark Souls 2, game released for PC, PlayStation 3 and 4, Xbox 360 and One. Heide's Tower of Flame. I have already done shaded woods, and it ranked me up, and. Darklurker Soul. Dark Souls Remastered full walkthrough: DUKE’S ARCHIVES. . Having none in your inventory will divide Vendrick's damage taken by 32x, having 1 soul divides it by 16x, having 2 souls divides it by 8x, 3 souls divides it by 4x, 4 souls divides it by 2x and 5 or. Upon entering Firelink Shrine, before you will be 5 large stone thrones, all vacant but one, where Ludleth of Courland sits. 275K Members. Strategy: Head down into the chasm and kill the first bloathead resident to your right below you. 10 Sir Alonne. In this video I'll be showing you guys how to get through one of the 3 Trials / Dungeon Level for the Pilgrim of Dark Covenant. Go back outside and to the tower directly across. These abyss dungeons can be completed in any order. The Dark Chasm of Old is like any other area of Drangleic in that it is possible to invade other players using a Cracked Red Eye Orb as an "Abyss Spirit. Dark Spirit - The Ghost of Princes Past Information. and in this chasm you only have to deal with 3 dark phantoms, havel, ricard, and the pyromancer. I'm playing a Faith Melee build with a lightning infused craftsman's hammer. Our walkthrough is divided per area of the game, so visit each page for details on items, enemies, NPCs and bosses found in each location. Oolacile Township Dungeon Royal Wood Located at the lower portion of Oolacile, it is found after the player exits the Oolacile Township Dungeon, and a shortcut to the Royal Wood can be opened via an elevator. 1 run in old chasm yields usually at least 2 ascetics. An update to Dark Souls 2: Scholar of the First Sin's lighting engine which updates its shading model techniques to the latest ones. Use poison knives/arrows too if you have em. Really hard. Kill them to get a key, then return to the surface. Black Gulch Dark Chasm of Old help. This chime sat long in the Dark Chasm, but still one senses a sublime purity. Lifedrain Patch Trade Soul with: Straid Magic Type: HexTransgressor's Leather Shield is a Small Shield in Dark Souls 2. New Player Help. from my understanding, the abyss is more of a dimension, that gets called upon in different ways. You'll find a man stuck because a petrified woman blocks the switch for the gate. The Torch is a new feature to the Dark Souls series and is used in Dark Souls 2 to help with exploration. Here you will find a door that you can now open. Just keep killing them and trying to kill the boss (or homeward bone out after killing them to preserve the souls). Apologies, and thanks for the clarification! Pretty sure rank 2 is for beating all three zones but dying to the boss. Upon joining the covenant the player will be given a Bell Keeper's Seal ring, and five Rusted Coins after talking to the dwarf. Its lower arms are constantly folded across its chest. That’s not that far off. It has beastly base damage and A rank strength scaling when fully upgraded. Bonfires are special locations that take form as a bonfire which act like places of rest where players can replenish health and estus and serve as checkpoints on your journey. Bonfires in Dark Souls 2 are the checkpoint features in the game. #2 Edited By Seikenfreak. If the Dark Chasm under Drangleic Castle is starting to drive you insane, or if you're just. I beat DS2 a few months ago, and then learned about Darklurker. You can run in circles to try to isolate one before facing the other. Dark Souls II (PlayStation 3) About the chasm of old? Does a bonfire acetic at the second bonfire in Black Gulch reset the chasm of old there. You need to be really on your toes in there. . Sif's summon sign is found in the arena where the player fights Manus, inside the fog door. If you want both the quests and the chime, just do the Dark Chasm. Follow the dirt ramp up and you will find the first Bonfire. You will need to face this expert swordsman to obtain the final Smelter Wedge, an item that's necessary to prevent Fume Knight from regenerating health. Answers. Tips, Tricks, and Tactics. Did you enter the first portal and beat that area? You need to offer him human effigies. For Dark Souls II on the PlayStation 3, a GameFAQs message board topic titled "Dark Chasm Hunger Games". Our walkthrough is divided per area of the game, so visit each page for details on items, enemies, NPCs and bosses found in each location. Entering Firelink Shrine. Shira Shira, Knight of Filianore is a character and summonable phantom in Dark Souls III: The Ringed City. Did the same. Features. No-Man's Wharf. Dark Mud has negative effects on your. It is accessed by opening the Pharros Lockstone wall inside the third main chamber within the Iron Keep, the room will many knights. I managed to farm two more from the dogs at McDuff's bonfire, but once they all stopped respawning, burning a Bonfire Ascetic only brought back the closest two. Use poison knives/arrows too if you have em. Navigating the Black Gulch. Emits a large mass of dark at the cost of souls. Ah, I had not thought of that, very interesting take on it. No. New Player Help. What it actually is, is unknown, whether it be a golem, a part dragon or the remnants of something else. . Players can equip up to 4 Rings, but equipping two of the same item is not possible. Beat the boss to achieve rank 3. not leveling ADP. Dark Chasm of Old: Drangleic Castl. Related. Now she's in an unfamiliar world, with an unfamiliar body, and she's cursed with being undead as well. You still need to be a member of the Pilgrims of Dark covenant to enter the portal, but you will. Sif can be found in Darkroot Garden behind large, glowing doors, guarding the grave of Artorias the Abysswalker, one of Gwyn's four knights. Witchtree Information. In this video I'll be showing you guys how to get through one of the 3 Trials / Dungeon Level for the Pilgrim of Dark Covenant. The second chasm in the black gulch is really hard. You can avoid this boss by using a shortcut. This boss is only accessible by joining the Pilgrims of Dark covenant through Darkdiver Grandahl and completing its questline. You will also find the Royal Rat Authority Boss. . Firelink Shrine itself is quite large, similar to the Nexus in. Walkthrough. Ps4/X1/Dx11. Throne of Want - 110-120 Optional Area - Dark Chasm of Old - 95-105 Since I don’t want any spoilers I guess I’m going to just have to. One benefit is you will gain quite a few souls despawning the chasm to use on level ups, assuming you don't lose your bloodstain because you died before you could reclaim it. On top of that, some of them ignore shield. Seriously. so manus abyss and the 4 kings abyss are from the same source but in different forms. Felicia the Brave (Scholar) The Lost Sinner. Giant Humanity Information. This will help you find the hidden Illusory Walls, or study maps. Darkdiver Grandahl is a character in Dark Souls II. #8 airpi. Demon's Souls Walkthrough with Maps. The Abyss is a corruption of the Dark much like how the Chaos Flame is a corruption of the original Flame. Vrach New member. 10 notes. I wanna get the southern ritual band +2 form the scorpioness but Im afraid that burning an ascetic will raise the difficulty of the Chasm, and Id much rather eventually farm ascetics there so Im in a bit of a tight spot here since I couldnt find any info on where to burn ascetics to raise the Chasm difficulty. In this area, the player. Yes you do. Manus is the final boss of the Artorias of the Abyss DLC. This chime sat long in the Dark Chasm, but still one senses a sublime purity. 0:00 / 5:06 Dark Souls 2 Dark Chasm of Old (Drangleic Castle) xHolmesWalkthroughsx7 28. DARK SOULS™ II: Scholar of the First Sin > Guides > Tactical ASMR's Guides This item has been removed from the community because it violates Steam Community & Content Guidelines. Bonfires in Dark Souls 2 are the checkpoint features in the game. This talon clearly dates to ancient times, but great vitality emanates from it still. Every time you exit the chasm, the. Chasm of the abyss is thee worst area of the game. After all four of them have been killed, jumping down the pit will lead to Darklurker. it's a gabe Oct 13, 2015 @ 5:26am. Entering requires one Human Effigy, but the first time is free. For Dark Souls II on the PlayStation 3, a GameFAQs message board topic titled "Do the enemies in Dark Chasm of Old keep respawning after killing them 15 times?". Memories of the Ancient, Dark Chasm of Old Questline & Meeting Darklurker. That or the actual Abbyss is considered a being. Upon reaching the top of the stairs you will find yourself on a walkway/wall. Dark Souls 2 Part 20FULL Dark Souls 2 Playlist: Lastly, if you are familiar with the first Dark Souls, then many of the Phantom enemies are similar to or direct copies of Red Phantoms in the first Dark Souls. #7. Once the Chosen Undead has the Broken. DoctorPiranha 7 years ago #4. This will revive the. Seriously, it just rips through those fools. Sif makes an appearance in the Artorias of The Abyss DLC. Upgraded versions must be acquired throughout the. Continue down to the Humanity Spirits and use a long range weapon to take care of the mage across the area. Having none in your inventory will divide Vendrick's damage taken by 32x, having 1 soul divides it by 16x, having 2 souls divides it by 8x, 3 souls divides it by 4x, 4 souls divides it by 2x and 5 or. What once was a great void of darkness became but fragments. When you are Rank 2 in the covenant, the elevator inside the Dark Chasm Of Old will activate. It is we who will be pilgrims to these sacred sites. Co-Op. I'm not sure if that will make the enemies in all Chasms respawn as well but, considering how all the Giant Memories are influenced by the Place Unbeknownst bonfire at. Entering the Copse. The only. Dark Souls 2Pilgrims of Dark T. On NG, I can't really see anything without light spell or torch and, on NG+, I can see clearly without any. Namco Bandai revealed today that Dark Souls II Black Armor Editions and Collector’s Editions will receive a voucher that will allow players to unlock a set of 5 weapons and 5 shields. Lore. . Both bosses are weak to Poison and can be poisoned easily. You can tackle these bosses in any manner. Demon's Souls/Dark Souls/Dark Souls 2. To the left down the chasm, a full set of Drangleic Armor can be found. Dark Souls: Painted World of Ariamis Part 2 (Optional) Dark Souls: Anor Londo Part 2 Dark Souls: Return to Firelink Shrine and Placing the Lordvessel Dark Souls: Sif and the Darkroot Garden Dark. Dark Spirit - Underworld Deadeye is an Enemy in Dark Souls 2. Titanite can be bought from the following places:Dark Souls 2 Complete Soundtrack 2015 - Dark Chasm of Old [High Quality]Composer: Yuka KitamuraPlaylist of the entire Dark Souls 2 Soundtrack !!dragon ring, southern ritual band +2 (ascetic najka), clear bluestone ring+2 (ascetic skel lords), ring of life protection. He has a long, gray beard and is dressed in reddish robes. The chasm is accessed through Oolacile Township. When he gets up, do it again. A ghostly entity that drifts through the Dark Chasm. Covenant members have exclusive access to the Dark Chasm of Old areas (see the Dark Chasm of Old page for more information). Walkthrough page for Dark Souls 2 (DKS2) provides players with an overview of the game advancement. 9K subscribers Subscribe 610 Share 98K views 9 years ago. No. At Drangleic castle, I gave Grandahl a human effigy as normal, and the portal lit up. When you join the covenant the location you're at opens free of charge, but afterwards you need to. Amazon. Heide Knight to McDuff. From the Exile Holding Cells bonfire, head up the stairs to your left. The Chasm of the Abyss is a location in Dark Souls, and can only be accessed through the Artorias of the Abyss DLC. Walkthrough on completing the first Dark Chasm of Old in the Shaded Woods for the Pilgrims of Dark in Dark Souls II: Scholar of the First Sin. 10 notes. Some rings have upgraded versions, having a maximum of +3. Brightstone Cove Tseldora. All Discussions Screenshots Artwork Broadcasts Videos News Guides Reviews. 9 years ago. YouTube Partners; Wiki Forums. Do the same in all three chasms to achieve rank 2. It can also be reached by climbing up the ladder. Walkthrough. You can then kill the remaining one and come back to kill the other, one of them drops Twinkling Titanite and the other drops the ring (I initially panicked when I killed the first one and got no ring). Obtained by defeating Nashandra in Throne of Want. Player IDs. Be careful because the boards will break and you'll fall into a hole if you stand on them. Basilisk (Dark Souls II) Bastard Sword Dark Spirit. The Darklurker is a being shrouded in mystery. Proceed up. 175. Black and white spirits that drift within the Chasm of the Abyss. 2-3 hours tops to finish them all + darklurker, unless you're very special. This will revive. #4. Steam. Boss Souls. Always answer "Yes". I'm near the end of the main game (I've not touched the DLC yet) and am trying to complete the Pilgrims of Dark covenant. It is found in Huntsman's Copse and is a small area, that consists of a large circular pathway inside a building with little to explore. Re-check the torches. To reach this area, warp to the Anor Londo bonfire, exit the building, and turn left. At. Walkthrough page for Dark Souls 2 (DKS2) provides players with an overview of the game advancement. Get a Great/Large club, there's one at the base of the ladder near the "Servant's Quarters" bonfire. New Game Plus. Straid, always immersed in magic,. Also the. " Bonfire Ascetic is a type of consumable in Dark Souls 2 and Dark Souls 2: Scholar of the First Sin. It is found either innately enchanted to various weapons, used as an infusion for weapons or used offensively in Hexes. A. It's the easiest and the closest to a bonfire. well you can lay down a RSS, the get summoned into other peoples worlds and kill the mobs as they attack invaders too the crystal out, but I doubt anyone. . 1 Pilgrims Of The Dark. " Abyss Seal is a Ring in Dark Souls 2 (DKS2). The Dark Chasm of Old (古き闇の穴, Furuki yami no ana) is a location in Dark Souls II . Shaded Woods. $4. Dark Souls 2 Wiki Guide: Weapons, Walkthrough, armor, strategies, maps, rings, bosses, items and more. This allows a riposte, a free attack by the player for a high amount of damage. i think this guy is the one you find in black gultch right after killing the first big worm you fall down and there is a door. Simply using one near the portal won't work. Rarity's curiosity gets the better of her and she steps through the crystal mirror. dontyoulookatme 9 years ago #4. The Dark Chasms of Old (the optional dungeons for the Pilgrims of Dark covenant) are hard. New comments cannot be posted. In Majula, players can Level up, improve their Estus Flasks, purchase Armour, upgrade their equipment, and rest. The Memories section of Dark Souls 2 carries the player through a number of familiar environs modified by the memories of great elder beings. The set is on the corpse. Dark Souls 2Pilgrims of Dark T. Support the Channel ️ to the Channel 💸 Game Help 🏆 ht. Reply reply saikron • There isn't any scaling, it's just that everything is practically the same difficulty with some exceptions in the really early areas. Updated: 09 Nov 2023 13:41. (Consuming the soul is not advised) Vendrick's damage reduction is halved by every soul of a giant in your inventory. Grandahl will be seen sitting in a wheelchair. Bufiaris Apr 30, 2014 @ 2:10am. Stay under 70% or you're dead. Really hard. Hunter's Blackbow Close. However, you must unlock the shortcut first by using a Pharros Lockstone (DS II only). It is only accessible through the Pilgrims of Dark covenant . First comparison shot from my upcoming DS2 texture mod showing base game VS just DS2LightingEngine mod VS DS2LightingEngine mod + my textures /// this is an edge case where the difference is more noticable fyi. Type. The Lost Bastille is an area in Dark Souls 2. For Dark Souls II on the PlayStation 3, a GameFAQs message board topic titled "Do the enemies in Dark Chasm of Old keep respawning after killing them 15 times?". I'm sure those would help me relax (yeah right). 3:31 - Dark Chasm of Old #1 - Black Gulch9:22 - Dark Chasm of Old #2 - Shaded Ruins13:22 - Dark Chasm of Old #3 - Drangleic Castle16:07 - Boss Strategies for. With a massive free DLC comes a massive patch. The rainbow stone does nothing special, but can serve as a path marker, and can be dropped off a cliff to judge height by the sound of descent. Went under Castle Drangleic. You'll most likely need 2 soul vessels so you can make this build & then go back to what you had before since I've ignored the stat reqs for the Gsword almost all together to focus on. After all four of them have been killed, jumping down the pit will lead to Darklurker. I've put 400 hrs on the original dark souls and like 50 on the ps4 version but this is my first time actually fighting him (just so I can get the chime honestly) ReplyFor Dark Souls II: Scholar of the First Sin on the PlayStation 4, a GameFAQs message board topic titled "Dark Chasm of Old tips?". 55. $3. However, a downside is that while using the torch, the player is unable to use a left hand. shaynezavaro - 1 year ago - report. Dark Spirit - Underworld Deadeye location, drops, tactics and tips and tricks for Dark Souls 2. Also, if you really hate the Black Gulch, there is a second bonfire in the area, right before the boss fog gate. Though at first glance this netherwold traveler might appear nondescript and mundane,. This Dark Spirit takes the form of an Ironclad with twin Great Hammers which it uses with a rare and frighteningly powerful Dual Wield technique . Dark Souls 2 Wiki Guide: Weapons, Walkthrough, armor, strategies, maps, rings, bosses, items and more. Run forward and light the Undead Settlement Bonfire. Ancient Dragon Soul ♦ Belfry Gargoyle Soul ♦ Covetous Demon Soul ♦ Darklurker Soul ♦ Demon of Song Soul ♦ Dragonrider Soul ♦ Executioner's Chariot Soul ♦ Flexile Sentry Soul ♦ Giant Lord Soul ♦ Guardian Dragon Soul ♦ Looking Glass Knight Soul ♦ Mytha. The biggest challenge in the Dark Chasm of Old is how you access and revisit the chasm. When burned, a Bonfire Ascetic will change the entire bonfire area to the next playthrough level. However, a downside is that while using the torch, the player is unable to use a left-hand. Chasm of the Abyss All Items Walkthrough for Dark Souls Remastered on PlayStation 4 in 1080p 60 FPS. . The Dark Chasm of Old from Dark Souls II is a gold mine of cut content. This can be any stat, meaning that if the. Frigid Outskirts. Pervert_Kuhn (Topic Creator) 9 years ago #7. To get to Sinners Rise, start from the Bonfire in the Servant's Quarter of the Lost Bastille, after you defeat the Ruin Sentinel. In addition to making enemies stronger and tougher, they drop more souls. Enemies-Dark Chasm of Old | Dark Souls 2 Wiki World Information / Enemies Updated: 23 Jul 2019 02:06 Things Betwixt Majula Forest of Fallen Giants. When i wanted to clear my first are i was in drangleic castle so i wanted to begin here. GameStop. Dark Souls has always been a difficult game to complete, even more so to 100%. Answers. It is possible to summon the past version of Great Gray Wolf Sif to aid in the battle. Also, currently the threshold for soul memories seems to be about +/- 25% overall soul memory. . once you get to some higher magnitudes, that's a massive statistical range-- that's 1/2 of your overall soul memory as range (that is, if you have 2 million souls you can summon people from 1. Travel through the Drangleic Castle portal to reach it. Dark Souls 2 patch 1. He can ONLY be revived by using a Bonfire Ascetic on the Under Drangleic Castle bonfire only - the other two bonfires do not work. Went into the cloudy hole. Heirs of the Sun / Way of the Blue. You will encounter your first Bonfire of the level. 99. Donkey_Puncher Apr 30, 2014 @ 2:14am. Another tactic is to get a copy of the spell Fire Storm and use that with a Pyromancy Flame +10. Dark Souls 2 Original - I don't know if it's due to a recent update or patch, but it seems when trying to open the door to the spider cave in Brightstone Cove after following the path below the boulders, results in stepping in place without the. "The Belfry Sol is an optional area found within the Iron Keep. Continue up the path into a cavern with moths that throw some poison powder. This is a unique covenant that allows players to test their worth in a series of challenges. After 70+h of playin I finally wanted to make Dark Chasms. A hidden area tucked inside of Oolacile includes a message from the developer. Drop down the next ledge and. Majula. Covenant Leader: Darkdiver Grandahl. Co-op in the Dark Chasm of Old? I've been playing through the game with my partner and was curious if co-op was possible in the Dark Chasm of Old? Locked post. The Chasm is an area in Genshin Impact's Liyue region that was released in Version 2. 521 Online. Hello community! I've encountered a bug with the Dark Chasm of Old. With this process, I spent a couple hours clearing the room of respawning enemies, then got Hidden Weapon in 30 minutes. The Torch is a new feature to the Dark Souls series and is used in Dark Souls 2 to help with exploration. After joining the covenant, the player can speak to Darkdiver Grandahl in any of his three locations and offer him a Human Effigy to open a portal into a Dark Chasm of Old. DARK SOULS™ II: Scholar of the First Sin > Guides > Professor Eucalyptus's Guides. Godspeed. Infact, Darklurker is probably one of my favourite bosses in the whole of the Souls series, and when he splits, it becomes chaotic yet manageable (and most improtantly, it doesn't feel cheap). Crown of the Ivory King DLC. For the Dark Souls III page, see Boss (Dark Souls III). The Darklurker lives in the Dark Chasm of Old. The final boss of the DLC of the first game. Enjoy!Dark Souls 2 Dark Chasm of Old Walkthrough Guide. The ambient noise that plays in the Dark Chasm of Old in Dark Souls 2. Dark is a type of elemental damage in Dark Souls II. Playstation Network. This guy isn't in any of the locations he is listed to be. Dark Souls 2: Dark Chasm of Old: Dark Souls 3: Cathedral of the Deep: Dark Souls: Demon Ruins: Dark Souls 3: The Dreg Heap: Dark Souls 2: Shrine of Amana: Demon's Souls: Valley of Defilement: Demon's Souls: Stonefang Tunnel: Dark Souls 2: Heide's Tower of Flame: Dark Souls 2: Drangleic Castle: Dark Souls: Anor Londo:. The Dark Spirit with the Hammer in near the Iron Keep Boss has the turtle armor so he can't be backstabbed, has incredible phantom range, tons of stamina, rarely ever gets stunned, can't be poisoned or killed from range. I can't even kill the first phantom! I'm not weak by any means, I'm a tank, but he either breaks my guard or fully drains my stamina with a. You are purifying it from a corruption of the Dark known as the Abyss (or the Deep from DS3), of which the Dark Lurker seems to be the source of. This can be achieved even in a low SL. The Bell Keepers are a pvp and invasion-themed Covenant in Dark Souls 2. With a name like "Darkdrift" it is peculiar that the weapon only does physical damage. The Dark Attack (abbreviated as Dark ATK in-game) describes the base level of Dark damage that is inflicted on a target with either a Dark. In this video I'll be showing you guys how to get through one of the 3 Trials / Dungeon Level for the Pilgrim of Dark Covenant. Browse game. You are purifying it from a corruption of the Dark known as the Abyss (or the Deep from DS3), of which the Dark Lurker seems to be the source of. Demon's Souls/Dark Souls/Dark Souls 2. My texture pack will release this Saturday on Nexusmods, and now with a specific pack for 4gb vram gpus and 1080P players! Includes 6245 upscaled textures which were all very low res. $9. A boss is a powerful, non-respawning enemy in Dark Souls II. Quality build, 50 vgr, 28 end, and I think about 23 in each int and fth.